Defining the Good Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Defining the Good Life - Essay Example Wealth, health, a life without sorrow and pain are some of what seem to give people satisfaction, one that is said to be a good life. Perhaps it is. For the Greeks, a good life is one that shows happiness. It is then a matter of getting the most of what one has. For instance, a person who is lacking in wealth, according to the definition of the Greeks, can still have a good life depending on how he lives his life. That certain individual can either live in misery which is the extreme opposite of a good life or live so that he would make his life worthwhile and productive, a life that is flourishing. Human flourishing is a wonderful parallelism of the Greeks to a good life because it is perhaps the most accurate or closest accurate definition. Growing well is indeed one of the measures that show how a life is well-lived. It is not just a matter of living in luxury but it is also how a person lives to acquire a luxurious life, having the virtues a good life brings. This means that, in the case of wealthy people, they should not just enjoy what they have but strive to maintain and grow their wealth. However during the process, they should also maintain ethical attributes to keep them proud and satisfied with their achievements. When a person progresses or gains more wealth through illegal means or by using and abusing other people; that individual will definitely feel ashamed of himself. In fact, people who prosper in such a manner always live in fear of government authorities or their rivals and the people they have hurt. They may live in luxury, have money to burn but they do not have a good life because of the absence of the virtues they should possess. As the famous Socrates said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living for† (facultyfiles.frostburg.edu). Indeed, when an individual does not examine himself, he tends to commit mistakes and repeats them time and again. Obviously, a life full of mistakes and without virtues is miserable and undesirabl e. It is not a good life. Being a philosopher, Socrates was actually pointing out to the critical examination of things, events and ideas, the contemplation, self-examination and open-minded wondering (facultyfiles.frostburg.edu) that lead to finding the reasons for everything. A good life is a life of reasonable reasons. Reasons abound but if they are well thought, they make sense and therefore show the energy put into it. However, when reasons are shallow, they often look and sound ridiculous, exposing the life of the person that is not worth living. In relation to the aforementioned discussion on having virtues, it is acquired by having a well-examined life. One who thinks about himself and knows his strengths and weaknesses would definitely be able to build up the strengths and work on his weaknesses in order for him to become a better person. For instance, when a person knows that he has talents in arts, he can do something to develop his gift and become skillful and successful regardless of his situations. A person who knows he is gifted but does nothing to improve it spends no time contemplating about what a privilege he has, has a life not worth living. Self-examination in itself is a virtue and indulging in it develops more virtues in an individual. For example, a man who examines himself develops honesty. It would be futile to examine one’s self and deny what he sees because this will cause a person to lose his virtues instead of gaining them. However, if a man scrutinizes himself and recognizes and accepts his weaknesses and faults, positive changes follow which is the development of more virtues that show what a real good life

Counselling Theories Essay Example for Free

Counselling Theories Essay I declare that this assessment is my own work, based on my own personal research/study . I also declare that this assessment, nor parts of it, has not been previously submitted for any other unit/module or course, and that I have not copied in part or whole or otherwise plagiarised the work of another student and/or persons. I have read the ACAP Student Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct Policy and understand its implications. I also declare, if this is a practical skills assessment, that a Client/Interviewee Consent Form has been read and signed by both parties, and where applicable parental consent has been obtained. 1. List three influences of the dysfunctional environment Lucy grew up in. How might these have affected Lucy as an adult? In the first example, the influence of Lucy’s father can be seen in the type of partners Lucy has chosen for her boyfriends. Lucy grew up with a father who had the disciplinary role in the family. Many of Lucy’s boyfriends have been violent towards her, she may be attracted to a partner who likes to be in control. This may be because, to her a man’s role is to dole out discipline. Lucy may be unconsciously choosing partners that model the same type of behaviour as her fathers. It would be interesting to know if many of them were also cold and distant towards her. In the second example, the influence of Lucy’s mother can be seen in how Lucy has also turned to alcohol to cope with her own depression. Lucy’s mother often found it hard to cope with life, especially when the children were younger. She allowed the eldest child Ted, to take on the responsibility of looking after the children when she felt too depressed or affected by alcohol to care. Lucy’s behaviour shows that she is finding it hard to manage her life, much like her mother did. She may be unconsciously modelling herself after her mother, in regards to how she copes with life and the issues that arise. Lucy may think of alcohol as a medication for her depression and anxiety, as she saw her mother use alcohol as a coping mechanism growing up. Lucy’s behaviour most strongly resembles her mothers, and I believe her mother has had the greatest influence and effect on Lucy as an adult. In the third example, the disruptive household Lucy grew up in has impacted on Lucy’s adult life. Firstly, in the first ten years of Lucy’s life, she was regularly exposed to her parent’s arguments and fighting. Lucy must have grown up feeling very uncertain and anxious about her life, without the nurturing support of her parents. Secondly, she must have grown up resenting her older brother for acting as a substitute parent towards her. 2. How might the sibling birth order have affected the eldest and the youngest children and how they respond to Lucy, even though they had similar modelling and reinforcement from their parents as children? Lucy’s eldest brother was the first born and often the first born child takes on the role of caretaker in a dysfunctional family unit. Ted has developed the typical characteristics of the first child in that he has taken on a leadership role within the family. Ted may feel more like Lucy’s father than her brother and this explains why he feels it is ok to voice his opinions about Lucy’s life. His role in the family has been to problem solve, so that the family functions as well as it can. Ted wants to help and care for Lucy, by offering his advice on how to solve her problems, but Lucy resents this as she sees Ted as her brother not a parental figure. Amy’s position in the birth order is the last child and so she has been sheltered from the early turmoil of the family. The last child is often protected from the reality of the dysfunctional state of the family. Amy has not had to deal with the type of problems the older two have, and does not have the same pressure that the other two have. Lucy feels that Amy does not try to control her, and so she relates better to her. 3. Suppose that Lucy’s broad goals for counselling are to stop abusing alcohol and stop repeating the pattern of abusive relationships. Outline a program of change for Lucy, including: a) Identifying the specific goals she might work towards. b) How you might apply and record reinforcement to help Lucy reach her goals? c) How you might help Lucy monitor any changes made? The specific goals that Lucy can work towards in counselling would be ‘to manage my alcohol consumption in a responsible way’ and ‘to choose a more suitable partner for a relationship’. In helping Lucy reach her goals I would encourage her to keep a diary of her behaviours and the feelings associated with these behaviours. For example Lucy could record how she is feeling the next day after drinking too much alcohol, and she could also record how she felt the next day after making the choice to abstain from drinking. She could then compare her feelings and hopefully she can find positive reinforcements to encourage her non drinking behaviour. Through keeping a diary it serves two purposes, firstly it helps Lucy identify her own successes and disappointments, and it will help clarify her own feelings  toward her drinking behaviour. Secondly it is a record that Lucy and I, as Lucy’s counsellor, can use as a reference to check on her progress in achieving the goals she has set for herself. The more the successes outweigh the disappointments the more likely Lucy will continue to modify her behaviour and improve her feelings towards herself. 4. Explain the concept of stimulus and response in counselling and describe how it might be useful in helping Lucy reach her goals. The concept of stimulus and response in counselling refers to the theory that a certain stimulus triggers a certain response in how we behave. The experiences we have (the stimulus) influences our behaviour (response). In Lucy’s case she has developed a dependence on alcohol as a response to her anxiety and depression. During our counselling I would help Lucy to recognise that she may be able to find other ways of responding to her anxiety and depression. Lucy has a learned response in regards to her feelings of anxiety and depression, which she learned from her mother. It would be beneficial for her to recognise that she can learn a new response to these issues. I would ask Lucy to think of other instances, where she has had success in overcoming an obstacle, has she tried other responses to her triggers. What has not worked in the past would also be helpful to know. 5. Explain the principles of negative and positive reinforcement and describe how they might be useful in helping Lucy reach her goals. The principles of negative and positive reinforcement are that the consequences of our behaviour is strengthened due to the type of reinforcer being used. Positive reinforcers are when we receive a pleasant consequence to a type of behaviour that encourages us to continue with that type of behaviour. Negative reinforcers are the same as positive reinforcers in the sense that we still receive the encouragement to continue with a type of behaviour but this time it is because we are avoiding an unpleasant outcome to the type of behaviour. An example for Lucy is her use of alcohol, negative reinforcement could be used to help her change her behaviour. In order for Lucy to stop abusing alcohol she needs to associate her drinking with the unpleasant outcomes of her behaviour. The use of alcohol is putting her at risk of losing her job, home and friendship. Negative reinforcement  could help Lucy recognise that by choosing to stay sober she will avoid the unpleasant consequences of putting her job, home and friendship at risk. Positive reinforcement could be used to help Lucy recognise that by choosing to stay sober, her work life will be more pleasant if her bosses notice she is showing up on time. Her home life will be more secure if she pays her rent. Her friendship will become stronger if she is seen to be working towards change. 6. Explain what is meant by negative punishment and negative reinforcement and suggest how these principles might have impacted on Lucy in the past. Negative punishment is when a particular pleasantry has been taken away as punishment for the type of behaviour being displayed. Negative reinforcement is when we stop or avoid a particular behaviour due to receiving a negative outcome to our behaviour. In Lucy’s case she has received a formal warning at her workplace, this means that she could be in danger of losing her job if she continues with this type of behaviour. She is also in danger of losing her home due to being behind in her rent, and losing her friendship with Jacquie who is her only real friend. These are all examples of the negative punishments Lucy has incurred due to her behaviour. During counselling it may be beneficial for Lucy to make the connection between her behaviour and the negative punishment she will receive as a result. Using negative reinforcements would help Lucy to avoid the behaviour, she can choose to avoid using alcohol as a way of avoiding the unpleasant outcomes this choice brings with it. 7. Explain how influences from environmental modelling in Lucy’s life as an adult could help or hinder her in reaching her goals. Helping Lucy to identify who her role models have been, and who they are now, will help Lucy have a better understanding of why she responds to certain situations in the way that she does. In the past I believe Lucy’s mother has been the most influential person in Lucy’s life. Lucy has grown up observing her mother’s behaviour, this type of modelling has taught Lucy how to respond to stressful situations. Identifying with new role models in her adult life, can help Lucy find other ways of responding to these same situations. I would encourage Lucy to think about the people in her life  now. Who does she admire, who stands out as someone she would like to be like? What type of person are they and how do they cope with life in stressful situations? By observing a different model and learning new responses to old stresses, Lucy can begin to see that there are many other ways that people respond to the stimulus in their lives.

Chocolate Industry Is Becoming A Global Phenomenon Marketing Essay

Chocolate Industry Is Becoming A Global Phenomenon Marketing Essay Introduction Chocolate Industry is becoming a global phenomenon. Globally appetite for chocolates shows no signs of waning but a shift in consumption pattern is increasingly evident. In the year 2009 global confectionary market was estimated to be 88,740.2US $ million industry .From the year 2004-2009 it has grown by 33.2 % in terms of retail value .In terms of value chocolate confectionery market is the largest category accounting for almost 60% of the total sales. The giants of chocolate business have all dominated their respective regions for decades eg :-Kraft in Us,Cadbury In Britain. Cadbury Schweppes was formed by a merger in 1969 between Cadbury and Schweppes. Since 1842 Cadbury has gone from strength to strength. The most recent step to the success ladder for Cadbury is the takeover of the company by US food company Kraft which makes the company global confectionery leader. It has an outstanding portfolio of chocolate, gum, candybar .Since then the business has expanded into a leading international confectionery and beverages company. Through an active programme of both acquisitions and disposals the company has created a strong portfolio of brands which are sold in almost every country in the world. This report aims to throw light on Chocolate confectionery industry leader Cadbury with target market in India .A rapidly developing economy such as India would further gives me a chance for a much deeper analysis of the industry and overall market environment. Cadbury in India: Cadbury began its Indian operations as a trading company in 1947 with brands such as dairy milk, gems, 5star Bournvita and perk etc. Cadbury India Ltd is a local subsidiary of Cadbury Schweppes which holds in excess of 90 % shares in it. Cadbury in the last six decades has become synonymous with the word chocolate in India .It is one of the Classic examples of the brand coming to symbolise a product category. Innovation is also essential for ongoing success despite chocolate market being dominated by consistent performers .Cadbury India Ltd dominates the chocolate market in India with over 70%.It operates in four categories viz. Chocolate Confectionery, Milk Food Drinks, Candy and Gum category. Some of the key brands are Cadbury Dairy Milk, 5 star,  Perk,  Ãƒâ€°clairs  and  Celebrations. Market size The FMCG market in India is estimated to reach 27 billion in 2009. It is very highly fragmented market .In India the Chocolate confectionery market grew almost 22% in current value terms to reach Rs27 billion in 2009.Cadbury India Ltd is the leader in confectionary market in India Leading Brands in the market Nestle is the 2nd market leader with a share of 33% followed by Amul at 3.63%.Other competing products in the market are KIT KAT, NESTLÉ Eclairs ,Polo, Nestle Milky bar Nestle Bar one is one of the biggest competitor of 5 star ,Amuls Chocozoo product ,Amuls Milky Bar etc Brand Positioning A brand position is the market place a brand is perceived to occupy or what the brand stands for in a world of brands .This position includes the associations it has in the mind of the consumer .It includes the associations it has in the mind of the consumer .It includes all aspects of a brand: the product attributes, benefits and values. (MooijiMariekede, 2005). In a survey conducted by the Business world magazine in 2007 Cadbury had been ranked 5th in the FMCG sector in a survey on Indias most respected companies. PORTERS ANALYSIS New Entrants Rivalry Buyers Substitutes Suppliers Porter (1980) suggested that five main forces shape competition at the level of strategic business units and that a systematic analysis of each in turn can help managers identify the keys to competitiveness in their particular industry (Hooley, 2003) Rivalry among existing companies-Moderate Cadbury is undoubtedly the market leader in the Indian chocolate confectionery market .The main players in the chocolate confectionary market is Cadbury followed at 58.3% by Nestle at 33% and domestic brand Amul (Gujarat Co-operative Ltd) at a very small share of 3.63%.Private labels have not made an entry in chocolate confectionary .With Brands such as Cadbury and Nestle enjoying a strong brand equity as well as market dominance retailers have not ventured into the category as of 2009 .Since 2004-2009 the market shares by the companies have not seen a major change .Nestle is the only competitor with diverse range of product portfolio where as Amul core activity is in dairy products and it has a much smaller product portfolio than the leading players in India. Amul Chocozoo is the companys key innovative brand which does not have any parallels in the market. In India Cadbury enjoys very strong brand loyalty a classic example is the Worm Controversy in the year 2003 during the festiva l period in Diwali but a year later company was able to gain back the consumer confidence .Cadburys value share melted from 73 per cent in to 69.4 per cent during the year 2003.The recovery began in May 2004 when Cadburys value share went up to 71 per cent. This faster recovery was possible due the trust and loyalty of the consumers with the brand. Also due to strong brand loyalty Cadbury enjoys price elasticity and product differentiation plays a very small in competitive rivalry of the confectionery market. Threat of New entrants- Low In addition to considering existing rivals an organisation should also consider the potential for new entrants to emerge. Threat of new entrants in an industry depends upon the height of a number of entry barriers .In the chocolate confectionery market the capital cost of entry would be very high since Cadbury and Nestle being the only two companies with more than 70 percent share in the market. To compete with such well established MNCs it requires high investment making the threat of new entrants very low. Cadbury as a brand enjoys strong brand loyalty and emotional attachment by the consumers any potential new entrant will encounter resistance in trying to enter the industry .Brand loyalty will also be a significant factor in increasing the costs for consumers of switching to the products of new competitors. Threat of Substitutes-Low A substitute can be regarded as something that meets the same needs as the product of the industry .The extent of threat from a particular substitute will depend upon factors such as extent to which the price and performance of the industries product and performance of the substitute can match the industries product and the willingness of the buyers to switch to the substitute .In case of Cadbury the switching costs for the consumers is very low .Also consumers are very loyal to the brand making the threat of substitutes very low Bargaining power of suppliers- Moderate Cadbury Schweppes has around 40000 suppliers worldwide.  [1]  Parent company provided cocoa seeds and clonal materials for 8 years of operations to Cadbury India Ltd .It started cocoa farming in India to reduce dependence on imported cocoa beans. Cadbury India imports about 50 percent of the cocoa requirement .List of Key ingredients and their approximate percentage requirement is shown the below chart: Other Dry Fruits-3% Edible Oil-5% Malt Extract-9% Sugar Liquid Glucose-17% Milk (Powder/Liquid/Condensed)-20% Cocoa Beans/butter/powder -46% Like stated above key ingredients Sugar and Cocoa are bought from the commodity markets. Milk is bought regularly from farmers in the area near the factory to complement the supply coming from the original directly operated farm. Barley for malt is bought from four to five wholesalers. Manufactures have very little control over the prices of Sugar and Cocoa since they are mostly set by the government. Rest of the ingredients have less proportion as compared to cocoa and sugar hence their bargaining power is low. Over the recent years there has been growing concern of the trade policies and child labour issues in the cocoa industry Cadbury product Dairy Milk has been fair trade certified . Bargaining power of buyer- Moderate The extent to which buyer of a product exert power over an industry depends upon number of factors. To identify the bargaining power of the buyer for Cadbury its very important to identify who are the customers and consumers for the company .Customers are the people who sell the products to the people who consume them, for Cadbury they are the retailers and the distributors and consumers are the direct end people who consume. In the supply chain for Cadbury buyers include consumers, wholesalers, and supermarket chains. Market for the chocolate industry is highly fragmented. Existing brands such as Cadbury and Nestle have a strong presence of differentiation and brand loyalty leading to weakening of the buyer power. Major purchase in terms of volume is by the retailers giving them a better bargaining power but Cadbury enjoys good brand loyalty hence making it comparatively weak. Consumers have become accustomed to the brand and generally seem reluctant to shift loyalties to newer brands. Porters Generic strategy CADBURY Source: Competitive advantage As a competitive strategy, differentiation refers to a product or service that is different or somehow unique as perceived by the customer. (Grigsby Stahl, 1997)A firm can achieve differentiation for its products or services in a number of different ways .Cadbury India adopts the differentiation strategy to set itself in a unique way in the competitive envoirnment.Cadbury has over the decades build a brand image for the company through extensive advertising people have started associating with the brand emotionally and are very loyal. Cadbury has always tried to connect emotionally through its advertisement with the consumers .Company also regularly uses customer surveys as a means to align the advertisements with evolving consideration sets of customers and uses packaging as a tool to communicate quality. For example adds such as Kuch Meetha Ho Jaaye Is Diwali Ap Kisse Khush Karenge which means something sweet for the Diwali festival clearly shows the bond the company is trying to connect with the consumers. It also tries to add extra features into the product. Cadbury India invests heavily in advertisement for its products .This plays a very important role in differentiating strategies because the customer gets convinced that there is something different about the product. Differentiating firms usually employ substantial consumer research efforts to identify changing consumer tastes. Cadbury regularly invests in consumer research and research and development for its products .It regularly tries to innovate with the products. Company goes by the value it sets for itself i.e. performance driven, values led. Resource Based View A resource based view inside out perspective is fundamentally different from Porters outside in perspective. A resource based view of the firm draws an important distinction between comparative parity and competitive advantage (Barney ,1991).Parity is achieved by choosing and executing a business strategy comparable to that of competition firms .Generic strategy models are seen as leader to parity with the competition .By contrast ,competitive advantage requires that firms be unique by developing and deploying resources in unique ways that add value and are difficult to imitate (Gerhart Rynes, 2003).Resource based view says that a organization possess resources that are inputs into its production process .There are three such capital inputs: Physical, human and organizational .The use of these resources is determined by characteristics inside the company .When these characteristics are appropriate and an organization can achieve both competitive and a sustainable superior performanc e-usually expressed by relatively high levels of return on investment .The organization acts a collection of assets and capabilities providing a capacity for a sets of resources to effectively perform activity tasks. A firm can sustain a competitive advantage by the organization responsive to rapidly changing market conditions by both maintaining the development of existing resources and capabilities and creating new ones. An organization needs to identify these capabilities which provide it with a competitive advantage. Resources are of two types tangible and intangible .These resources for the company can be intensified using the VRIN model. Valuable Rare Imperfectly Imitable Non Substitutable With the Cadburys analysis of the external as well as internal environment of the firm i found below resources which can help to sustain competitive advantage in the market. Tangible assets Ranking from level 1-5 (Where 1 is the highest) Financial capital 1 Human resource 2 Intangible assets Brand reputation 3 Loyalty of customers 1 Goodwill 2 Research and development 5 Distribution network 4 Distinctive Capabilities Culture and values 1 Cadbury India has been decades in the Indian market and now enjoys a strong reputation and has maintained its market leader position for many years it has the largest market share in the Indian chocolate industry of more than 70 percent. Thus I would rank financial capital as no 1 tangible asset of Cadbury India. Cadbury India has been ranked as the 7th Great Place to Work and the No. 1 FMCG company in India in 2008, by the Great Place to Work Institute.  It is the fourth time that they have featured amongst the Great Places to Work in India. Cadbury India has also been awarded the Bronze Award for Excellence in People Management in the Great Place to Work 2007 survey conducted by Grow Talent Company Limited and Business world. The award recognizes Cadbury India as a national leader in the area of Human Resource Management. Thus making it very useful tangible asset for the company.  [2]  Cadbury India is a built upon reputation for fine products and services. Capabilities are more difficult to delineate and are often described as invisible assets .For Cadbury India undoubtedly it is the culture and value of the organization which it has carried on decades .It is a value driven company To summarise the essential elements of the resource based view from Cadbury Indias point of view are the resources stated as above which give the firm its distinct advantage and sets its apart. Also the role of management in converting these resources into positions of sustainable competitive advantage leading to a superior performance in the marketplace. Cadbury Indias Business Relationships with Stakeholders: Stakeholders are the customers, shareholders employees, suppliers, communities. I would be aiming to analyse the business relationships Cadbury has with its stakeholders, how it builds up long term relationship which is mutually beneficial and a collaborative effort Government Communities Employees Customers Stockholders Cadbury India Educational institutes, Future generations, Poor Media, Competitors, Suppliers Trade associations, Public Interest Group Unions, Political parties, Creditors Environment, Religious Groups A firm must satisfy the interests of all its participants since this will promote the interest of the shareholders. A Firm should try to enhance the interest of all the stakeholders. It should have a stakeholding approach to business behaviour. Cadbury India take part in various programs and activities for the overall community its shareholders etc.As part of its corporate social responsibility programme they promote physical activity and education that helps improve consumer health and prevent obesity  .They are also helping to build understanding of the energy equation particularly amongst children. Cadbury India does not vend its confectionery or carbonated soft drink products in primary schools and only vend these products in secondary schools by invitation and in line with nutritional guidelines set by the school. Company regularly invests in new science and increasing our scientific resources within our business. Were working with others (including government, campaigners, shareholders and customers) to help find solutions. weve withdrawn from advertising directed specifically at children aged less than eight years where theyre the majority of the audience and weve introduced a global Marketing Code of Practice, whi ch includes specific reference to children. Cadburys Marketing code Supporting sensible consumption and balanced life style also signifies the company values towards the consumers  [3]   Good relationships with supplier and other stakeholders can also provide an increased repertoire of insights and responses, greater efficiencies and more opportunities for creating problem solving. This is especially important for Cadbury constantly tries to innovate its products and services to maintain their market share .Since Cadbury has a strong stakeholder relationship it also provides the company with a measure of stability in a turbulent environment. During the Worm infest crisis of 2003 it was very difficult time for the company but due to the solid relation it has with its customers, stakeholder it was able to win back their trust and gain the largest market share by 2004. Analysis and Conclusions: Cadburys competitive advantage comes from highly related and producing similar products lines based on existing technologies .For example Cadbury dairy milk, Dairy milk shots. I feel since Cadbury targets similar product market some of the customer bases Moreover it has the ability to offer big portfolio to meet customer needs .Since Cadbury is already the market leader in the chocolate confectionery in India it can focus on the current portfolio effectively using this as a base to venture into new products or entering into similar industry. Also it can be noted that the markets that it has already captured are in to the maturity stage and product needs constant innovation and development to sustain in the long run. India has a vast population though Cadbury has a very large and diverse distribution network still there would be lot of untapped market potential it should concentrate on getting the best distribution system. Also as the market develops consumers become more experienced and discerning and look for more benefits from the products they choose. Cadbury should regularly try to re-work exiting brands and develop new ones to meet consumer demands. Bibliography Abbott, John C..  Agricultural Marketing Enterprises for the Developing World: With Case Studies of Indigenous Private, Transnational Co-operative and Parastatal Enterprise. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.   Barney, J.B., (1991), Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management; 17, (1), pp.99-120 Campbell, David J., Bill Houston, and George Stonehouse.  Business Strategy: An Introduction. Manual ed. St. Louis: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999 Clegg, Stewart, Martin Kornberger, and Tyrone Pitsis.  Managing and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd, 2008. Gerhart, Barry, and Sara L. Rynes.  Compensation: Theory, Evidence, and Strategic Implications (Foundations for Organizational Science). 1 ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2003. Grigsby, David W., and Michael J. Stahl.  Strategic Management: Total Quality and Global Competition. New York, NY: Wiley, 1997. Hitt, Michael A., Robert E. Hoskisson, and R. Duane Ireland.  Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization, Concepts and Cases. 9 ed. Mason, OH: South-Western College Pub, 2010. Hooley, Graham J., Nigel Piercy, and John A. Saunders.  Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning. 3 ed. London: Financal Times Management, 2003. Print. Mooij, Marieke de .  Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural Paradoxes. Third Edition ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc, 2009. Moschandreas, Maria.  Business Economics. 2 ed. New York: Cengage Learning Business Press, 1999. Mujamdar, Ramanuj.  Product Management in India. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall Of India Pvt.Ltd, 2004. Steiner, George A., and John F. Steiner.  Business, Government and Society: A Managerial Perspective. 12Rev Ed ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Svendsen, Ann.  The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 1998. Food fight. Economist, 00130613, 11/7/2009, Vol. 393, Issue 8656 Academic Search Premier Business strategy: an introduction By David Campbell, George Stonehouse, Bill Houston Business, government, and society: a managerial perspective : text and cases  By George Albert Steiner, John F. Steiner Nestlà © : Chocolates Confectionery.  Nestlà © : Home  . N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2009. . Welcome to Amul The Taste of India .  Welcome to Amul The Taste of India  . N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2009. . Cadbury Global We apologise for the delay.  Cadbury Global  . N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2010. . Cadbury India Ltd..  Cadbury India Ltd.. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2009. . Chocolate Confectionery India report-2009-Euromonitor http://0-www.portal.euromonitor.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/Portal/ResultsList.aspx Cadbury India Ltd- Company factfile -Euromonitor International-http://0-www.portal.euromonitor.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/Portal/ResultsList.aspx Cadbury India Ltd Packaged Food India- Euromonitor International-http://0-www.portal.euromonitor.com.emu.londonmet.ac.uk/Portal/ResultsList.aspx

Guns in the home :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Statistics on the National Safe Kids Campaign Website reveals that â€Å"Americans possess nearly 200 million firearms, including 65 million handguns. Approximately one-third of families with children (representing more than 22 million children in 11 million homes) keep at least one gun in the home. Gun owners keep firearms in the home for hunting and recreation (60 percent) or for protection and crime prevention (40 percent)†. Although 40 percent seems to be on the minority, households with guns are at higher risk of homicide, and there are few beneficial effects of gun ownership; as a result, alternative methods for crime prevention and protection should be adopted.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most startling examples of these risks usually involve children. Children are very curious and will stop at nothing to discover new ideas. When they play, it is normal for them to move about and find bits and pieces around the house. This innocent, normal behavior becomes dangerous when children start finding guns hidden or lying around. A typical story was told by the Physicians for Social Responsibility, an organization working together for nuclear disarmament, (PSR) when â€Å"three-year-old Billy Higgins sat in the corner of his parent’s bedroom, trembling and confused, a gun having just gone off in his hand. His 2 year old sister, Anne Marie, lay motionless on her back, a small hole in her chest. While playing with his sister, Billy had found his father’s loaded handgun in a bedroom drawer. The father, John Higgins, never dreamed his small children were capable of finding or using his gun. He was wrong. And his daughter died†. ( "Billy Higgins†) Obviously, John Higgins thought that he had his gun only accessible to himself, and even if his kids found it, they would not be able to shoot it. However, the National Safe Kids Campaign website shows that â€Å"Children as young as age 3 are strong enough to pull the trigger of many of the handguns available in the United States†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only are children at risk but also adults. A study by Arthur Kellerman shows that â€Å"the risk of homicide in the home is three times greater in households with guns.†(2) He implies that guns stored in the home are more often used to kill a familiar person than an intruder. Gun owners do not always know who they’re shooting when they pull the trigger, often the victim of this shooting is a family member.

Vagueness, Ambiguity and clarity in writing

Vagueness, Ambiguity, and Clarity In Writing Coastland Bullock June 29, 2014 CRT. 205 In example three, the ambiguity causes this statement to have a lot of vagueness. When dealing with a situation such as collecting money for a project, all details should be clearly and factually stated first. The first thing said Is, next Sunday; along with this should be a date.Also, when It says the collection will help with the cost I feel that the cost should be stated as well so that a goal can be set for the group as a whole. The rest of the statement is even more vague because all details of the project otherwise they may not be as willing to donate as much. Lastly, the end of the second sentence says to let the committee know if you would like to do something but they do not mention which committee is in charge of the project.Being able to understand this example is not very difficult because its kind of common sense what they are getting at but it is a little hard understand all the detail s so therefore they may be less likely to get more help with the project. With these types of announcements, thinking critically in order to be clear in your writing is a vital aspect o incorporate into our work. Thinking deeply into whatever we are doing is important so that the result is clear and on point.In example four, the entire statement is vague and unclear of what conclusion or point is trying to be made. I understood from reading it that they obviously agreed with what they read at first but as they continued to read they found out more, this type of writing makes this paragraph ambiguous. At first the reader agrees with what is being stated but after reading on, they become indecisive causing failure to make a choice. Never once was any information stated that said who, where, when, why, or what they were talking about.The example uses words such as they, both, sort of, the author, something, and anything. Using these types of words and phrases will automatically make an y writing or conversation vague and ambiguous. These two downfalls in writing influence understanding by not allowing the reader to know what is trying to be proved or concluded in the writing. This paragraph is not an example of clear writing because the writer was obviously not aware that whoever might read it may not know what or who they were talking about due to no details in the statement.

The concept of corporate environmental responsibility

The concept of corporate environmental responsibility Background The concept of corporate environmental responsibility has been widely debated. There has been a contention over what should be the responsibility of corporate entities to ensure the environment is sustainably utilized.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of corporate environmental responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While some actors have argued that the sole responsibility of corporate entities remains to make profit for the shareholders, others are of the view that there are scenarios where corporate entities should have their contributions in ensuring that there are sound environmental practices so that all organizational ventures are sustainable. The relevance of having corporate taking responsibility for their environmental actions has been exacerbated by the repercussions that have been seen as far as environmental factors are concerned where it is believed that the years of irres ponsible business practices and the motive for profit has led to acute degradation of the environment leading to notable problems such as drying water sources, pollution of the oceans and worse still, presence of harmful products in what is consumed. Ethical Grid In an attempt to demystify the role that should be played by the corporate sector in environmental conservation, Hoffman’s case identifies several ethical standpoints that have been pointed out in the ethical greed. Going by the philosophy of Norman Bowie who is of the view that ethical responsibility for environmental conservation is a responsibility of the government as opposed to corporate entities, one can argue that the relationship between business and environment should be viewed form the Prima-facie ethics point of view. This means that even though it may be an individual’s obligation to take good care of the surrounding, the most fundamental obligation of business entities is to make profits and thus they can override all other obligations to ensure that the profit pursuit is achieved. One can also address the issue form a Supererogatory point of view by arguing that although it is good to take care of the environment, corporate entities that may feel that they are not willing to pump their money towards conservation efforts will not have violated any law.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the utilitarian point of view, the main idea being presented by Hoffman views that corporate entities should be the driving forces towards the environmental conservation. From the utilitarian point of view, it can be said that companies should ensure that they structure their production in such a way that they reduce the strain to the environment while ensuring that they do not overcharge the customers for this. From the libertarian point of view, firms are at liberty to f ollow only the laws that have been set by the government as opposed to engaging in activities meant to go beyond what the government specifies in their conservation efforts. Solutions From the assigned case, it is evident that the principles of utilitarian ethics were grossly violated. Corporate entities should ensure that their pursuit for profit does not endanger the lives of others, either in the future generation or in the present generation. Thus, organizations should ensure that they engage only in ethical principles that are geared towards producing the best benefit to the populace as opposed to harming the populations in some ways. Arguments that have been advanced by Norman Bowie are thus misleading as it should be the responsibility of corporate entities to ensure that whatever they do is not in the contrary to their ability to be in the same business sustainably in the future. Companies should not be blinded by the profit motive as this may make them engage in unethical p ractices. In this case the ethical reasoning that ought to have been applied is that advanced by the utilitarian school of thought. This is because matters that concern the environment should not be left to the government only as every person is ethically responsible to ensure that he/she has a stake in protecting the environment. Therefore, it is imperative that corporate entities should have viewed the issue of environmental ethics as their own responsibility as opposed to viewing their role as though it is only defined by the government.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The concept of corporate environmental responsibility specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Corporate entities should keep away from the argument that views the responsibility of conserving the environment as discretion of the government as they should also assist in policy formulation and also, ensure that their acts are far above the minimal accepted standards for effective conservation. If corporate entities accept to adopt the utilitarian approach to matters that concern environmental management, then the issue of the future of the environmental condition is brilliant. This is because a responsible corporate entity will seek to engage in environmental friendly practices beyond the basic levels as defined by the government. It is also evident that a responsible corporate sector will help come up with more sustainable policies since as major stakeholders in the environment; the corporate sector will be in a position to offer helpful advice to the concerned policy makers. Besides this, corporates will undertake the responsibility of educating its consumers on some aspects of the environment and why they should take part in the process of environmental conservation.